Dbol Cycle: Guide To Stacking, Dosages, And Side Effects
The Ultimate Guide to AASHA – A Synthetic Anabolic–androgenic Steroid (AAS)
Author: Dr. Alexandra "Lex" M. Harper, https://academicbard.com Ph.D., PharmD, 2023
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Table of Contents
|
| Section |
|---|---------|
|1|Background & Discovery (2002–2018)|
|2|Chemical Identity – 7‑α‑Methoxy‑4‑azasteroid|
|3|Pharmacodynamics (Receptor Binding, Enantiomers)|
|4|Pharmacokinetics (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion)|
|5|Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutic Potential|
|6|Side‑Effect Profile (Affective & Endocrine)|
|7|Drug–Drug Interaction Matrix|
|8|Regulatory Status & Clinical Trials (Phase I/II)|
|9|Future Directions & Unresolved Questions|
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2. Chemical Identity
| Feature | Detail |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C₂₇H₃₅NO₂ |
| Molecular Weight | 381.54 g/mol |
| SMILES | `CCC@1(C(=O)NC@@2(O)C@H(C=C)(OC3=CCCC3)COC(=O)C@@12C)` |
| Chirality | Four stereogenic centers: C-4, C-5, C-6, and the lactone carbonyl center. |
| Functional Groups | β‑hydroxy acid (enolizable), lactone ester, olefinic bond, phenolic ether. |
| Solubility Profile | Soluble in ethanol, ethyl acetate; poorly soluble in water (log P ~ 3.2). |
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4. Synthetic Routes
Below are three representative synthetic strategies that converge on the same core structure.
4.1 Route A – Asymmetric Diels–Alder / Lactonization Sequence
Key Steps: enantioselective Diels–Alder, oxidation, intramolecular esterification.
| Step | Reaction & Conditions | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Diels–Alder: Cyclohexadiene + maleic anhydride → cycloadduct; catalyst: chiral Lewis acid (e.g., TiCl₄ with Evans’ oxazolidinone). | Generates bicyclic skeleton with high stereocontrol. |
| 2 | Reduction of anhydride to diol (NaBH₄). | Prepares for oxidation. |
| 3 | Oxidation: PCC or Dess–Martin periodinane → ketone at bridgehead. | Introduces functional group for further elaboration. |
| 4 | Ring opening: Nucleophilic addition of Grignard (e.g., MeMgBr) to ketone; then workup to get tertiary alcohol. | Builds side chain with new stereocenter. |
| 5 | Dehydration: TBAF or acid-catalyzed elimination → alkene formation, final step. | Finalizes the desired structure. |
This synthetic route is modular and can be adapted; each step uses reagents that are inexpensive and readily available in most laboratories.
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4. Practical Tips for Laboratory Implementation
| Step | Key Considerations |
|---|---|
| Reagent Purity | Use analytical‑grade reagents whenever possible. For example, anhydrous magnesium should be freshly prepared or stored under inert atmosphere to avoid oxidation. |
| Solvent Drying | Many of the reactions (e.g., Grignard formation) are moisture sensitive. Use dry, degassed solvents (THF, diethyl ether). Distillation over sodium/benzophenone or using a solvent‑drying system is recommended. |
| Temperature Control | Some steps require low temperatures (< 0 °C) to control exothermic reactions; use ice baths or cryogenic cooling as necessary. |
| Safety Precautions | Handle flammable solvents in well‑ventilated areas, use explosion‑proof equipment where applicable. For exothermic steps, add reagents slowly and monitor the temperature. Use proper PPE (lab coat, goggles, gloves). |
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4. Practical Summary
- Key Reaction Type
- General Synthetic Strategy
- Step B: Add this Grignard to a carbonyl substrate (aldehyde or ketone).
- Step C: Quench the organometallic intermediate: either by acidic work‑up (to give alcohol) or oxidation (e.g., Jones oxidation for aldehydes) to afford a hydroxy compound.
- Common Reagents & Conditions
- Acidic work‑up: H₂O, NaHCO₃, then brine, followed by drying and concentration.
- Oxidation: Jones reagent or PCC for aldehydes to give carboxylic acids with adjacent hydroxyl groups.
- Typical Products
- Secondary alcohols or ketones that are subsequently oxidized to acids bearing a vicinal hydroxyl group (e.g., lactic acid derivatives).
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Comparison of the Two Procedures
| Feature | Procedure A – Oxidation with NaOCl | Procedure B – Reduction with NaBH₄ |
|---|---|---|
| Reagents | Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + NaOH, H₂SO₄ | Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) in methanol |
| Reaction type | Oxidation of alcohol to aldehyde/ketone (or carboxylic acid) | Reduction of carbonyl to alcohol |
| Product | Aldehyde / Ketone → Carboxylic acid or further oxidized product | Secondary alcohol |
| Mechanism | Nucleophilic attack by hypochlorite followed by oxidation; H₂SO₄ facilitates protonation and removal of water | Hydride transfer from NaBH₄ to carbonyl carbon |
| Key step | Formation of oxonium ion → loss of water → formation of aldehyde/ketone | Transfer of hydride ion to carbonyl group |
| Overall reaction | R-CHO + O₂ → R-COOH (via intermediate aldehyde or ketone) | R₁R₂C(OH)-H + NaBH₄ → R₁R₂CH₂-OH |
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Explanation of the Reaction
In this process, the aldehyde is first oxidized to an acid via a series of steps that include the formation of a hydrate and its subsequent dehydration. The final product of this reaction is an acid, which can be further reduced or hydrolyzed to produce alcohols or other functional groups.
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It appears there might have been a misunderstanding in your request about creating a table for "a process." The text you provided seems to describe a chemical reaction mechanism rather than a specific process that could be broken down into steps and visualized with icons. However, I can still help create a detailed explanation and diagram of the reaction mechanism using the information you've supplied.
Below is an attempt to visualize this process as best as possible given the format:
Chemical Reaction Process Diagram
Reactants ---(Enzymatic/Acidic Conditions)---> Intermediate: Hydroxylated Product ---(Further Acid/Base Catalysis)---> Final Product
Step-by-Step Breakdown
- Initial Setup:
- Enzymatic or acidic conditions initiate the reaction.
- Formation of Hydroxylated Intermediate:
- Further Transformation:
- Final Product:
Conclusion
The reaction described is essentially a hydroxylation followed by further chemical transformations to produce more complex molecules. This type of reaction can be commonly found in organic synthesis and biochemistry contexts where enzymes or catalytic processes facilitate such modifications.
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This Markdown file contains an explanation of the process and steps in a structured way, including headings, subheadings, bullet points, and code blocks for formatting. Feel free to adapt it further based on your specific needs!
Below is a detailed explanation using a markdown format. This explanation will guide you through understanding the transformation of the chemical reaction described:
Understanding the Chemical Reaction Transformation
Introduction
The given reaction involves the conversion of a complex chemical structure into a more simplified or altered form, often involving transformations such as reduction, oxidation, or functional group modifications.
In this context, we see how the reaction can be broken down into three main steps:
- Step 1: The starting material (or reactant) is transformed via a reaction that is presumably in a chemical environment that would lead to a specific transformation.
- Step 2: The product of the initial step is an intermediate which we may not have, but otherwise it can or would be very close to being a typical or known function.
- Step 3: Finally, the product or end result is a product.
It seems like you're dealing with a complex chemical synthesis process, possibly involving multiple steps to transform starting materials into a final product. To better assist you, I would need more specific details about your experimental setup, reagents, conditions, and any challenges or uncertainties you are facing.
Here are some general considerations and suggestions for troubleshooting and optimizing multi-step synthetic routes:
- Reaction Conditions: Ensure that each step is conducted under optimal temperature, pressure, and solvent conditions. Small deviations can significantly impact yields.
- Reagent Purity: The purity of reagents can affect reaction efficiency. Make sure your starting materials are as pure as possible to avoid impurities interfering with reactions.
- Reaction Monitoring: Use analytical techniques such as TLC, HPLC, or NMR spectroscopy to monitor the progress of each step and determine when the reaction is complete.
- Workup Procedures: Optimize extraction, purification, and isolation procedures for each intermediate. Losses during workup can reduce overall yields.
- Stoichiometry: Verify that stoichiometric ratios are correct. Using excess reagents may drive reactions to completion but could also lead to side products or complications in purification.
- Temperature Control: Pay close attention to temperature conditions, as some reactions may be sensitive to heat and require precise control.
- Reaction Time: Ensure adequate reaction time for each step, especially if the kinetics are slow.
- Catalysts: If using catalysts, ensure they are properly prepared, used in the correct amounts, and not deactivated by impurities or side reactions.
- Solvent Quality: Confirm that solvents are dry (if required) and of appropriate purity to avoid unwanted side reactions.
- Safety Precautions: Maintain safety protocols for handling chemicals, especially when working with flammable or hazardous reagents.
